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Do AI Models Have First Amendment Rights?
“In the AI era, the battle for free speech will need to be refought and relitigated,” writes Tyler Cowen. (Illustration by The Free Press; image by Jacek Boczarski/Anadolu via Getty Images)
The First Amendment wasn’t written for chatbots, but it soon might have to extend to them.
By Tyler Cowen
10.13.25 — Tyler Cowen Must Know
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Free-speech battles are being fought everywhere: on our campuses, in our newsrooms, and on social media. But the most important free speech debate isn’t about protesters’ rights at university or moderation policies on X. It’s about whether robots should have First Amendment rights.

Let me explain. Within a few years, I expect most of the written words produced in the United States to come from advanced artificial intelligence models. These models are already better writers than almost everyone, and they know more, too. Their stylistic quirks are being improved. Their grammar is close to perfect and, unlike us mortal writers, they don’t get tired.

Humans may still be around as vision setters and editors. But I soon expect more than half of the content of a random nonfiction book you might pick up at Barnes & Noble to be written by computers, not humans. In a newspaper or online opinion site, maybe 80 percent. Even if the number of human writers and columnists does not decline, it will be impossible to resist adding a lot of high-quality machine content, at very low cost.

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Tyler Cowen
Tyler Cowen is Holbert L. Harris Professor of Economics at George Mason University and also Faculty Director of the Mercatus Center. He received his PhD in economics from Harvard University in 1987. His book The Great Stagnation: How America Ate the Low-Hanging Fruit of Modern History, Got Sick, and Will (Eventually) Feel Better was a New York Times best-seller. He was named in an Economist poll as one of the most influential economists of the last decade and Bloomberg Businessweek dubbed him "America's Hottest Economist." Foreign Policy magazine named him as one of its "Top 100 Global Thinkers" of 2011. He co-writes a blog at www.MarginalRevolution.com, hosts a podcast Conversations with Tyler, and is co-founder of an online economics education project, MRU.org. He is also director of the philanthropic project Emergent Ventures.
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Free Speech
Policy
Tech
Artificial Intelligence
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